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英语简单句的5种基本结构nbsp;nbsp;主系表nbsp;双宾语nbsp;复合宾语
请叫我易小白 2015-11-26 08:35:22

英语简单句的5种基本结构 主谓宾 主系表 双宾语复合宾语

本内容摘自《高中英语语法通霸》2016版

资料打包预告:http://pan.baidu.com/s/1dDqbKM9http://pan.baidu.com/s/1sjqtsoX

考点精讲精练

正确的英语句子都要符合一定的语法结构要求。英语句子的结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。英语句子都可以看作是这五种句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装构成的。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础,也是学好其他语法知识的前提。

英语五种基本句型结构如下:

用符号表示为:

①S V (主+谓)
②S V O (主+谓+宾)
③S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
④S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
⑤S V P (主+系+表)

主语(subject)谓语(predicate)
宾语(object)定语(attribute)
状语(adverbial)补语(complement)
表语(predicative)

考点1.基本句型一:S (主+谓)

这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词,都不带宾语,但可以带状语。如:

Hecried. (SV)

Thebus stopped. (SV)

Tomleft yesterday.(SV)

Itisraining now. (SV)

Wehaveworked for 5 hours. (SV)

Themeeting lasted half an hour.(SV)

练习1.分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。

1.Darkclouds hung overhead. ()

2.Graduallya smile appeared on her face. ()

3.Heis smiling all over his face. ()

4.Idid well in English. ()

5.Hetalked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ()

考点2.基本句型二: (主+谓+宾)

此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。

She likes English.

Theyplay football.

Welike swimming.

We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.

练习2.分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。

1.Peopleall over the world speak English.

2.Jimcannot dress himself.

3.Allof us believe that Jack is an honest boy.

4.Hedid not know what to say.

5.Hejust wanted to stay at home.

6.Hepractices speaking English every day.

7.Theywill stop working at eleven.

8.Heis having supper at home now.

9.Havethey got what they want?

10.Doeshe like playing the piano?

考点3.基本句型三:SVoO (主+谓+间宾+直宾)

Hegave me a book. 他给我了一本书。

“gaveme”,me是gave的宾语。“gavea book”,book也是gave的宾语。这样gave就有两个宾语,一个表示人(me),是间接宾语;一个表示物(book),是直接宾语。

一般情况下,间接宾语位于直接宾语之前。

动词 +间接宾语 + 直接宾语

如:Hepassed me a cup of tea. ( )
She bought me some books. ( )

若直接宾语为人称代词,通常不能放在后面。如:

不能说 Bringme it, please.而要说Bringit to me, please.

有时候为了强调间接宾语,把间接宾语放到后面,于是就构成了:

动词 +直接宾语 +介词(to或for)+间接宾语。如:

Hepassed a cup of teato me.
She bought some booksfor me.
Show this houseto Mr.Smith.

间接宾语放后面时前面要加to的常见动词有:

allow,bring, deny, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay,permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish,write等。

间接宾语放后面时前面要加for的常见动词有:

buy,choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等。

一般用to多些,用for的记住常用的三个就行:get,buy, make。

Hegot an English-ChineseDictionary forme.
She bought a bookfor John.
My uncle made a kitefor me.

练习3.分析下列句子成分,说出间接宾语和直接宾语。

1.Sheordered herself a new dress.

2.Shecooked her husband a delicious meal.

3.Hebrought you a dictionary.

4.Hedenies her nothing.

5.Ishowed him my pictures.

6.Igave my car a wash.

7.Itold him that the bus was late.

8.Heshowed me how to run the machine.

考点4.基本句型四:SVOC (主+谓+宾+宾补)

有些动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,宾语后必须加上一个补充成分才能使意思完整。所加的成分就是宾语补足语

宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。

看下面这句话:

Heaskedme to lend him somemoney.
他让我借给他一些钱。

“me”是宾语,“tolend him some money”是宾补,宾语和宾补合一起意思为“我借给他一些钱”。从意思上看,这像一句话,“我”是主语,“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分,但在英语原句中,它们却不是真正的主谓关系,而是逻辑上的“主谓关系”,即:从意思上看像主谓关系,而实际上不是。

练习4.判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T,不是的填F)

1.Iwant him to come at once. ( )

2.Helent me some money. ( )

3.Hemade the boy cry again. ( )

4.Theteacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )

5.Don’tleave the door open at night. ( )

练习5.分析下列句子并划分成分,在后面的括号内标明是什幺充当句子的宾语补足语。

1.Heasked me to come back soon. ()

2.Isaw them getting on the bus. ()

3.Whatmakes him think so? ()

4.Don’tkeep the lights burning. ()

5.Theyappointed him manager. ()

6.Weelected him monitor. ()

7.Weall think it a pity that she didn’t come here.()

8.Theypainted the door green. ()

9.Hepushed the door open. ()

10.Theyfound the house deserted. ()

11.Wesaw him out. ()

12.I’llhave my bike repaired. ()

考点5.基本句型五:(主+系+表)

“主系表”结构的主要特征是含有系动词be。这时,be一般都可以译作“是”,也有人称系动词为“是动词”。

下列句子都是“主系表”结构:

Heis in theclassroom.(介词短语作表语)

Thegirl is pretty.(形容词作表语)

Mybrother issixteen.(数词作表语)

Heis a handsome youngman.(名词短语作表语)

Mymother is overthere.(副词短语作表语)

下列句子的be是助动词,不能构成主系表结构。

Heis writing.(be是助动词,构成现在进行时;主谓结构)

Theclassroom is cleaned everyday.(be是助动词,构成被动语态;主谓结构)

系动词主要是be;但还有一些实义动词有时候也可作系动词,这类系动词有人称之为半系动词。此时,它们常可用be“是”代替。由此看来,称系动词为“是动词”是有一定道理的。

A.如何辨别系动词

有些动词既可作连系动词,又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢?有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立且句意变化不大就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是实义动词。如:

①Shelooks beautiful.(looks变为is之后,“她是美丽的”,句意没有大的变化,looks是系动词。)
Look at the picture.(look不能换为be,为实义动词。)

②Hefelt the book with hisright hand.(feel是“摸”的意思,不能换为was,是实义动词。)
The silk feelssoft.(“这种丝绸摸起来很柔软”,feels换为is之后,句意变化不大,因此是系动词。)

可以看出:半系动词后面大部分情况跟形容词作表语
但也有跟名词的,主要特征是可以用be替换。如:

Hebecame a doctor.他成为了医生。(became是系动词)
The operation proved a completesuccess. 手术证明是成功的。(prove是系动词)

练习6.辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。

1.Thedoor stays open atnight.

2.Hetasted the food, and thefood tasteddelicious.

3.Thebook still lies open onthe desk.

4.Whathe said provedtrue.

5.Hecan’t proved histheory(理论).

B.常见的系动词

i状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。如:
He is ateacher.他是一名教师。

ii持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain, stay, lie,stand。如:
He kept silent at themeeting. 他开会时保持沉默。
This matter remains amystery.此事仍是一个谜。
The food stays fresh inthefridge.
食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The house stood emptyfor years.房子空了数年。
He lies awake inbed.他躺在床上,醒着。

iii表“像”系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem,appear, look。如:
Something seemswrong. 好像出差错了。
He appearsyoung. 他看起来很年轻。

iv感官系动词
感官系动词主要有look“看起来”,feel“摸起来”,smell“闻起来”,sound“听起来”,taste“尝起来”。
This kind of cloth feels verysoft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells verysweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。

v变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什幺样。变化系动词主要有become,grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,run。
He became mad afterthat. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within ashorttime.
她没多长时间就富了。
He fell illyesterday.他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily insummer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。
His face wentred.他的脸变红了。
What he had dreamt of cametrue.
他的梦想实现了。
Still waters rundeep.静水流深。

vi终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turn out, 表达“证实”,“变成”之意。如:
The rumor provedfalse. 这谣言证实有假。
His plan turnedout asuccess.
他的计划终于成功了。(turnout表终止性结果)
What he predicted turned out (to be)wrong.
他预言的结果是错的。

练习7.用下划线画出下列句中的系动词。

1.Hisadvice proved right.

2.Theshop stays open till 8o’clock.

3.Themachine went wrong.

4.Allthese efforts seem in vain.

5.Thesewords sound reasonable.

6.Theroom soon became crowded.

7.Thedays are getting longer and longer.

8.Hefell ill yesterday.

9.Treesturn green in spring.

10.Whatyou said soundsgreat.

C.系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语

Heis a student.(SV P)

Youridea sounds great.(SV P)

D.在一个英语单句中,一般情况要有谓语动词

要注意:介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语,要和系动词一起作谓语。

改错:

①Ourschool very beautiful and we like it verymuch.

②Yourbook on the desk.

答案及解析:

Ourschool isvery beautifuland we like it very much.(句中没有谓语动词)

Yourbook is on thedesk.(句中没有谓语动词)

考点6.therebe 句型

此句型是由“there+ be + 主语 +状语”构成,用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况,实义主语位于谓语动词 be之后,there仅为引导词(也有看作形式主语的),并无实际意义。

A.be要与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致,如果be后实义主语是多个并列项时,要按就近一致原则,与第一项保持一致。

Thereis a bird in thetree.
(主语abird是单数,所以用thereis)
There are many apples on the tree.
(主语manyapples是复数,所以用thereare)

Thereis a pencil and two rulers on thedesk.
(第一项是apencil,单数,所以用thereis)
There are two rulers and a pencil on thedesk.
(第一项是tworulers,复数,所以用thereare)

B.可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist,arrive等词代替be动词。

此时还表示“存在有”,但表意要更具体一些。如:

Therelived an old man at the foot of themountain.
在山脚下住着一位老人。
(不但“有”,而且“住”在那里。)

Thereexists no air on the moon.
月球上没有空气。(exist是“存在”的意思。)

Thereliesa book on the desk.
课桌上平放着一本书。
(不但“有”,而且说明书是“平放”在那里。)

Therestandsa tree on the hill.
山上矗立着一棵树。
(不但说明“有”树,而且说明了“树”很挺拔。)

①______ acertain doubt among the students as to the necessity of thework.
A. It existedB. There existed
C. They hadD. There had

②______ a beautifulpalace ______ thefoot of the hill.
A. There stand;atB. There stands; under
C. Stands there; underD. There stands; at

答案:B;D

C.thereseem/ happen/ used to be及therelive/ lie/ stand句型的否定句和疑问句的变法。

根据汉语提示完成句子:

①下周将有两场会,不是吗?
There ______ going to be twomeetings next week, ______ there?

②不会再有流血冲突,是吗?
There will be no blood, ______there?

③似乎出了问题,不是吗?
Thereseems to be something wrong, ______ there?

④似乎有误解,是吗?
Thereappeared to be a misunderstanding, ______there?

⑤碰巧那时附近有辆公交车。
There______ (happen)tobe a bus nearby at that time.

⑥过去这里有条小河,不是吗?
There used to be a river here, ______ there?

⑦过去这个森林里生活着一只老虎,不是吗?
There lived a tiger in the forest, ______ there?

答案:①are;aren’t ②will③doesn’t④didn’t
⑤happened⑥didn’t/usedn’t⑦didn’t

D.therebe have的区别

therebe …“某地有某物,某时有某事”;have表示“某人拥有某物”。

Thereis a ball under the bed. (某地有某物)
There will be a meeting tonight. (某时有某事)

Hehas a lovely dog. (某人有某物)

改错:

①Therehas a book on the desk.

②Therewill have a meeting this evening.

答案:①把has改为is②把have改为be
提示:没有therehave这种表示“有”的方法。

考点7.双重谓语(仅供了解)

典型例句:

①Heleft this morning very gay.

②Sheleft a shy girl and returned a young mother.

分析:双重谓语的基本形式是:行为动词+表语,后面的名词或形容词说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态。用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词,如return,leave,go,come,arrive,start等。

句①意为:上午离开时,他很开心。
句②意为:她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩,回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。


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